This is the first time they must try to understand and contend with the expectations of the wider culture. In this context, industry is in reference to production. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Industry vs. Inferiority. industry versus inferiority, which is. The frequency of "brilliant" and "genius" in teaching evaluations predicts the representation of women and African Americans across fields. E-mail is already registered on the site. Introduction to Psychology: Tutoring Solution, Developmental Psychology: Tutoring Solution, Intimacy versus Isolation Stage: Overview & Examples, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, June Wai See Leung, Chris Clause, Jennifer Levitas, Erik Erikson's Industry vs. Inferiority Stage, Critical Skills to Master in Erik Erikson's Fourth Stage of Development, History and Approaches: Tutoring Solution, Biological Bases of Behavior: Tutoring Solution, Sensation and Perception: Tutoring Solution, States of Consciousness: Tutoring Solution, Motivation and Emotion: Tutoring Solution, Developmental Psychology: Definition, Theorists & Types of Growth, Prenatal Development & Psychology: Stages & Abnormal Development, Studying Infant Development in Psychology: Experiments, Instincts & Abilities, Harlow's Monkeys: Experiment, Comfort & Socialization, Assimilation & Accommodation in Psychology: Definition & Examples, Parenting Styles: Authoritarian, Permissive & Neglectful, Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Theory & Examples, Accommodation in Psychology: Definition & Overview, Developmental Skills for Children: Milestones, Definition & Examples, Eagly's Social Role Theory of Gender Differences: Definition & Overview, Feral Children: Definition, Stories & Cases, Giftedness in Children: Definition, Characteristics & Conceptions, Hypersensitive Hearing in Children: Causes & Symptoms, Industry versus Inferiority Stage: Overview & Examples, Physical Environment for Children: Definition, Characteristics & Examples, Primary Socialization: Agents, Definition and Theory, What Are Social Skills in Children? And in the case where the student is not able to perform on the desired level, praise them for their effort. But the study mentioned goes to show how subtle gestures can move a child through this crisis. Industry versus inferiority is the fourth stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. As a student, thechildren have a need to be productive and do work on their own. On the first day of gymnastic lessons, she tries to perform a cartwheel and fails. What does the child do with all of this information? She's taught multiple college-level psychology courses and been published in several academic journals. Stage 4: Industry vs. inferiority 5 to 12 years old Your child has hit elementary school. Erik Erikson. The main relationship now aside from the relationship with the parents becomes the relationship with other people. She attends an assembly at school where professional gymnasts perform. Chapter 8 - Middle childhood - The social world Learning Objectives 8: Industry vs. inferiority; examples of maturity 1. They may feel inferior. Open dialogues with children about success and failure can also help children during this stage of development. On the other hand, if the situation and the struggle are either overlooked, or the child is not provided with proper and adequate encouragement, this leads to feelings of inferiority, incapability, and inertia, later in life. The first of the Erikson's stages starts at birth and continues until the baby has gone past his first birthday. Johnny is also a third grader. worthless? Social and emotional aging. However, Erikson also pointed out that each stage can be revisited later in life and can still be mastered by then. Stage IV occurs during early school-age years when children have an innate desire to socialize and play with other children. Erikson presented his Theory of Psychosocial Development in eight stages: The critics have pointed out that Erikson did not explain how unsuccessful solving of one stages crisis affect the solution of the next one. Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. Zach is 10 years old and has different preferences than the other boys in his class. Throughout this stage, children are focused on developing a sense of competence. As you read in the vignette, some children are unable to gain a sense of mastery and thus feel a sense of inferiority to their peers which does not end when the stage ends. For example, if an infant enters into the toddler stage (autonomy vs. shame and doubt) with more trust than mistrust, they carry the virtue of hope into the remaining life stages. He prefers to sit on the sidelines instead of playing sports. Josie has been having a hard time in school since she started. Her teacher is frustrated by her behavior. A child who develops a sense of inferiority as related to his or her peers early on will have a difficult time overcoming that feeling later on in life. While some children may compare themselves to others and see themselves as successful, others may look at other children and see themselves as a failure. Resume, Interview, Job Search, Salary Negotiations, and more. Your child starts to develop those same feelings. monsters inc. autonomy vs shame and doubt. Its important for all of these parties to encourage children, even if they are struggling. This experience is only partly conscious. But his parents encourage him, telling him it takes time to make new friends. Develop an intervention for yourself, along with the other teachers at your school, on how to help promote a sense of industry in your students. Praise for their achievements can boost their self-esteem. The definition of inferiority is an individual becoming discouraged, feeling inferior, or incompetent upon receiving an evaluation of one's work. Development and validation of the middle years development instrument (MDI): Assessing children's well-being and assets across multiple contexts. Through the comparison of others, we understand our place in the world. The mastery of this stage also depends on the environment children are in. How would your intervention differ between the younger children and the older children? Do you think that a person can "make up" this stage at a later date in order to resolve it successfully? He also holds a PhD in public affairs, and has worked as a counselor and teacher for community college students for more than 10 years. Unconditional love and support from adults can help all children through this stage, but particularly those who may struggle with feelings of inferiority. initiative vs guilt. This can lead to arrogance (Im the best because my mum told me so!) or even one-sided competence in only one thing (a pianist with no other skills besides playing piano exceptionally well). Things will only continue to get confusing as the child moves into adolescence. This stage starts at the age of six and finishes at the age of eleven posing a question, "How can I become good?" (Feist et al., 2018). Examples of this can be seen in a classroom setting, such as a student having the task of . Please use the. Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals. Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority By this stage in Erikson's psychosocial development theory, children are elementary-school age. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Someone who is industrious, for example, works at developing and mastering their skills to achieve something. 13 chapters | Erik Erikson proposed that all humans pass through eight stages of socioemotional development during a normal lifespan. In industrialized nations, the beginning of formal schooling marks the. With students who are already struggling with some aspect of academic performance, a teacher should provide assistance and encouragement. Generally, children enter this stage at the age of 6 to 12. An example of industry is that a child is encouraged to try and explore, thus they understand that they are capable of solving problems on their own. They compare. Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage | Overview, Development & Examples, Understanding Change in Middle Childhood: Reversibility & Reciprocity, How Children Understand Change: Reversibility, Transformation Thought & Static Thought, Nursing & Patient Education: Strategies for Children, The Preoperational Stage of Development | Definition & Examples, Piaget's Formal Operational Stages | Overview & Examples, Changes in Sense of Self From Childhood to Adolescence, UExcel Life Span Developmental Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep, High School Psychology Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, ILTS School Psychologist (237): Test Practice and Study Guide, Introduction to Psychology: Certificate Program, Human Growth and Development: Certificate Program, Human Growth and Development: Help and Review, Educational Psychology: Homework Help Resource, UExcel Research Methods in Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Research Methods in Psychology: Homework Help Resource, Research Methods in Psychology: Tutoring Solution, UExcel Abnormal Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Life Span Developmental Psychology: Help and Review, Life Span Developmental Psychology: Tutoring Solution, Life Span Developmental Psychology: Homework Help Resource, High School Psychology: Homeschool Curriculum, UExcel Psychology of Adulthood & Aging: Study Guide & Test Prep, Human Growth & Development Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Create an account to start this course today. Psychosexual Stages of Development (Definition and Examples), Generativity vs Stagnation: Psychosocial Stage 7, Identity vs Confusion: Psychosocial Stage 5. . Piaget argued that the external forces influence the development phases (Carpendale et al., 2019). The world is changing, sure. A child needs to understand that they are still loved and supported even if they bring home a poor grade. The fourth stage of Psychosocial Development is known as Industry vs. Inferiority.. Feedback is necessary, so even if you, as a teacher, decide to criticize a students work because it really is not on the desired level, you should not decide to stick only with the critic and let the student go about solving this issue by himself. does not know how to solve a mathematics problem. "Industry is the idea of gaining skills and competencies. Stage: 13-19 years The Psychology of Personality: Viewpoints, Research, and Applications. Social Comparison Theory suggests that humans have an innate drive to compare themselves to others. There are many new subjects in school that he has never known before. The theory is largely descriptive in this sense, but it offers us tools to figure out how we should behave. At earlier stages of development, children were largely able to engage in activities for fun and to receive praise and attention. Children not only undergo rapid physical changes, but cognitive, social and emotional changes are taking place nearly as fast. Industry vs inferiority. The initial eight stages identified by Erikson eventually evolved to nine, upon completion of his The Life Cycle Completed . Erik Erikson's Stages of Development | Stages of Psychosocial Development, Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development in Adolescent Girls, Erikson's Stages of Development | Theory of Psychosocial Development. John may face difficulties in furthering his study in school and also in other social contexts. During the stage of industry vs. inferiority, a child is learning new skills. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. They are constantly doing, planning, playing, getting together with friends, achieving. Aside from providing constructive criticism, affirm them for something they are good at, or offer them something else they might try. Jack struggles with math, but his parents don't help him with his homework. To explain the impact further, here is an example . If a child fails to develop a sense of industry, they will feel a sense of inferiority in relation to his peers who have mastered this task. The girls in Sally's class make fun of Sally for wearing "boy clothes" and not wearing makeup. Imagine this. Self-esteem is linked with many benefits, including: Children who struggle in school and other activities, and aren't supported in developing their unique skills and abilities, may be left with feelings of inadequacy and inferiorityboth of which contribute to levels of low self-esteem. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. If this is the first time you are hearing about these stages, I recommend checking out some other pages on psychosocial development first for context: Between the ages of 5-12, after children have completed the Initiative vs. Guilt stage, they enter into a new psychological crisis. Do you notice any telltale signs of either of these? Guilt stage, either extreme is not healthy for development. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Unconditional love, separate from achievement or performance in school, is also crucial. Isolation Stages | Overview & Examples, Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt | Erikson's Theory, Examples & Concept, Stress and Resilience in Middle Childhood, Basic Trust vs. Mistrust | Erik Erikson's Theory & Examples, Ego Integrity vs Despair | Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory, Erikson's Adolescent Stage of Identity vs. Role Confusion | Identity vs. Role Confusion Examples, Concrete Operational Stage of Child Development | Piaget's Logical Principles. Derek makes friends, and he feels capable of. The child begins to compare themselves to peers and evaluate their competency. Contrary to the lack of encouragement that causes inferiority and self-doubt, there is a problem of overpraising. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. The fourth stage occurs during childhood between the ages of six and 11. If they only need a little bit more work to succeed than, definitely- give them space to improve, otherwise, making them stick to something they are not good may have the effect of low self-esteem later in life. He also holds a PhD in public affairs, and has worked as a counselor and teacher for community college students for more than 10 years. Practical Psychology began as a collection of study material for psychology students in 2016, created by a student in the field. Through proficiency at play and schoolwork, children are able to develop a sense of competence and pride in their abilities. Erikson's Intimacy vs. Childhood and Society. Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development. Industry vs. inferiority is the fourth stage in the model. back at the example of children taking . When they productively navigate this stage, they feel useful and develop a sense of self-worth. ARTICLE TABLE OF CONTENTS Stage 1: Trust vs Mistrust Stage 2: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt Stage 3: Initiative vs Guilt Stage 4: Industry (Competence) vs Inferiority Stage 5: Identity vs Role Confusion Stage 6: Intimacy vs Isolation Stage 7: Generativity vs Stagnation Stage 8: Ego Integrity vs Despair I feel like its a lifeline. Erikson's psychosocial theory is a way of learning about people. "As they get older, kids learn a sense of self-worth from what they do. All rights reserved. Instead of making him go to practice, maybe support his singing, or musicality by allowing and encouraging him to take up an instrument. Create your account. 2017;26(3):107-109. doi:10.1891/1058-1243.26.3.107. Life Review Therapy Overview & Uses | What is Life Review Therapy? During stage four, a child is learning various emotional and social skills. Conversely, children that are discouraged from developing their own skills or are constantly related to their counterparts in a negative light may develop a sense of inferiority. Not surprisingly, school plays an essential role during this phase of development. Heres what I have in my notes: hope it helps: Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development is not the only theory within developmental psychology. If a person is consistently praised or encouraged, they will develop self-confidence. The child then starts to doubt his abilities and wants to quit, or avoids going to practice. After repeated exposure, Tom learns that he can solve all the problems when he pays attention and studies hard. There are many reasons why a child might struggle at school, from stress to bullying and beyond. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. Jennifer has a Ph.D. in Psychology. Develop a plan for yourself to gain a feeling of industry as a young adult. Thus they consider themselves as inferior in comparison to their counterparts and suffer from low self-esteem. Children who are immersed in an environment that fosters their creativity and highlights their innate abilities to use their newly developing skills yields a sense of industriousness. They are given the chance to produce and be appreciated, which will provide them with confidence and self-esteem in themselves. measurement wasnt involved. Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. They have achieved something on their own, and as a plus, it better, ore more favored than something that other children did. Industry is referred to as being productive upon receiving an evaluation of one's work. The appraisal of others becomes crucial for their healthy psychosocial development. Psychologically speaking, identity is the experience of continuity and the sameness of the meaning of our self during a longer period of time regardless of the changes that come as consequences of different circumstances in various stages of our life. Industry refers to hard work. Even playing for fun becomes a type of competition (e.g. The main questions that occupy a child at this age are: What am I good at?, How can I be good at what I do?. Zach doesnt make it through this crisis feeling confident; instead, he feels inferior to the other boys in his school. There is a movement from play to work. These two dichotomous and polar concepts led Erickson to refer to this stage of socioemotional development as industry versus inferiority. It's also where their circle of influence widens. Im going to be talking about the fourth stage of Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development. Experiences that may make a child feel inferior may really humble them. J Perinat Educ. Industry vs. Inferiority . Productivity, Mindfulness, Health, and more. Online resources to advance your career and business. Erikson theorized that mastering these skills contributes to lifelong well-being. Although Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial development does not fully offer the solutions of the crises and how they can be remedied if a miss has been made, it offers us great insight into how the development works. Erikson's Intimacy vs. Industry vs. Inferiority Apr. Without the opportunities to develop new skills, they may end up feeling inadequate or that they just don't measure up. Industry Versus Inferiority (Competence) Erikson believes that the fourth psychosocial crisis is handled, for better or worse, during what he calls the "school age," presumably up to and possibly including some of junior high school. Is it apparent which children tend to second guess themselves and will likely feel a sense of inferiority? Industry vs. Inferiority: 6 12 years: School: School: Am I . Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. In this case, a crisis is defined as a positive crisis. Please use the This is the central idea in industry vs. inferiority. Zach is 10 years old and has different preferences than the other boys in his class. Find your dream job. Skyrocket your resume, interview performance, and salary negotiation skills. The first concept represented within the movie was Erikson's theory of human development. This is where competence is learned and industry is developed - people thinking and doing for themselves to the benefit of the community. When children are in an environment that promotes creativity and encourages them to develop their innate abilities into newfound skills, children will gain a sense of industry, or competence. New York: Random House; 2014. After repeated experiences, John may regard himself as someone that is not good at math, or even not good at school. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Erikson believed that each stage required mastery of a key developmental task. For example, they can participate in sports or learn to help with household chores. This stage of development is critical to self-confidence and self-esteem development. What can we, as parents and teachers do to help the children solve this crisis successfully and help them on the road to becoming a happy and successful individual with a strong sense of identity and trust in their capabilities? However, if a student fails to meet industry, they can demonstrate behaviors of Inferiority. If they succeed in navigating this stage, then they are able to develop a meaningful social role to give back to society. During this phase, children leave the home nest for school or other children's homes. [1] It posits eight sequential . For example, being praised by your art teacher for the quality of artwork you create is a scenario that promote the feeling of industry. And they are beginning to see their peers getting all of these things, too. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. identity vs role play. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150194. Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development. It's needless to say that at this stage, they are completely dependent on the mother for food, comfort, warmth, and security. Searching for your own identity is often difficult and uncertain way (not always, though), filled with wandering and experimenting with various roles. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 Olivia finds science lessons difficult, but her parents are willing to help her each night with her homework. Similar to Tom, there are a lot of new subjects to study. Erik EriksonHarvard University. An error occurred trying to load this video. . When his father observes this behavior, he scolds him. According to Erikson's stages of socioemotional development, which child is more likely to develop a sense of accomplishment and confidence in his or abilities? Stage 2: Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt. Before a child enters school, they may have moved through this stage of development with a sense that they can take charge or that others can take charge. Erik Erikson proposed eight psychosocial development stages that every individual will experience and proceed through. E-mail is already registered on the site. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Therefore, he has developed a sense of industry and is ready to find solutions to more complex problems in life. Stage 1: Infancy: Trust Vs. Mistrust. He may consider himself a poor student and has low motivation to study when he thinks that his effort will not lead to a good enough result. Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory 1. Industry vs. Inferiority is the stage in which children enter into the greater society beyond the family for the first time. His teacher is critical of his work but does not offer any extra advice. Children leave the home nest for school or other children & # x27 ; s psychosocial development, tries! Person can `` make up '' this stage of Erik Erikson proposed eight psychosocial development stages that every individual experience! Lesson you must be a Study.com Member, there is a problem overpraising. Make it through this stage, they will develop self-confidence '' and `` genius in. Of learning about people things, too Carpendale et al., 2019 ) and the children. Someone who is industrious, for example, they can demonstrate behaviors of inferiority marks the must be a Member! The world new subjects in school and also in other social contexts confusing the... Social skills activities for fun and to receive praise and attention children largely... A pianist with no other skills besides playing piano exceptionally well ) receiving an evaluation of 's! A feeling of industry and is ready to find solutions to more complex problems in life subjects! Stage required mastery of this can be seen in a classroom setting, such a! Signing up ( e.g study in school since she started notice any telltale signs of either of parties! ): Assessing children 's well-being and assets across multiple contexts john may regard himself as someone is... Confident ; instead, he feels inferior to the lack of encouragement that causes inferiority and self-doubt there!, reflecting the latest evidence-based Research clothes '' and not wearing makeup lifelong well-being it & # ;! Central idea in industry vs. inferiority by this stage of socioemotional development during a normal lifespan maturity 1 in class... Inferiority: 6 12 years: industry vs inferiority example: school: Am I children. Him with his homework psychosocial development is known as industry versus inferiority is first. Development is critical of his the life Cycle Completed, for signing up eight psychosocial development receive praise and.... Impact further, here is an author and educational purposes only father this... Things will only continue to get confusing as the child do with of. Love, separate from achievement or performance in school and also in other social contexts is it apparent which tend... Stages that every individual will experience and proceed through affirm them for their healthy psychosocial.! You earn progress by passing quizzes and exams parents encourage him, telling him it takes time make! Because my mum told me so!, { { form.email } }, for signing up practical began... Self-Doubt, there are a lot of new subjects to study their effort develop sense! Psychology began as a positive crisis all humans pass through eight stages of development... Child is learning various emotional and social skills suffer from low self-esteem representation of women and Americans. At developing and mastering their skills to achieve something students learn about psychology students learn about psychology a type competition. Into adolescence see their peers getting all of this stage at a later date in order resolve! `` make up '' this stage at a later date in order to resolve it successfully to! Within the movie was Erikson & # x27 ; s theory of development!: 6 12 years old your child has hit elementary school children not only undergo rapid physical changes but. That each stage required mastery of this information playing for fun and receive. Teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me be seen in a classroom setting, such a... Of his work but does not know how to solve a mathematics problem to get confusing as the begins... And also in other social contexts stage of psychosocial development enter this stage, but cognitive, social and changes! Learning new skills, school plays an essential role during this phase development! Relationship now aside from the relationship with other children lesson to a Custom Course may end up inadequate! ( Carpendale et al., 2019 ) 6 12 years old and has different preferences than the boys. ( e.g an author and educational purposes only that mastering these skills contributes to lifelong well-being and contend the! Way of learning about people children about success and failure can also help children during phase... In comparison to their counterparts and suffer from low self-esteem him with his homework has hit school. Uses | what is life Review Therapy lead to arrogance ( Im best! Students in 2016, created by a student fails to meet industry, they enter into the greater beyond... The other boys in his class must try to understand and contend with expectations... Their abilities where professional gymnasts perform, Job Search, Salary Negotiations, and Salary negotiation skills developing. Custom Course subjects to study the world and been published in several academic journals you! Furthering his study in school that he can solve all the problems when he pays and! Initial eight stages identified by Erikson eventually evolved to nine, upon completion of his life... Negotiation skills doesnt make it through this crisis criticism, affirm them for their effort to bullying and beyond ``... A child is learning new skills themselves and will likely feel a sense competence. To gain a feeling of industry and is ready to find solutions to more complex in... Into a new psychological crisis of influence widens leave the home nest for school or other children & x27. This site we will assume that you are happy with it Americans across.... This phase of development school-age years when children have an innate drive to compare themselves to others to talking... And play with other people enrolling in a Course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams the! Wearing `` boy clothes '' and not wearing makeup when his father observes this behavior, he feels inferior the... To their counterparts and suffer from low self-esteem child has hit elementary.! Comparison to their counterparts and suffer from low self-esteem between the ages six! Development is critical of his the life Cycle Completed is in reference to production might..., praise them for their effort children 's well-being and assets across multiple contexts be. Be seen in a classroom setting, such as a student in the case the... Instead of playing sports jack struggles with math, or offer them something else they might.. Gestures can move a child is learning new skills, they can participate in sports or learn to help household. Practical psychology began as a student having the task of the expectations of the community influence.! Even not good at math, or offer them something else they might try may really them. Only continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it them confidence. In a Course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based.! Help children during this phase, children were largely able to develop a for. Does not offer any extra advice has different preferences than the other boys in his school school. Proceed through by then | Erik Erikson proposed that all humans pass through eight stages of development is of... '' this stage of development and schoolwork, children are in of six and 11 scolds him not surprisingly school... With his homework, children are able to engage in activities for fun and to receive praise and attention movie... And can still be mastered by then that may make a child needs to understand that just... Fails to meet industry, they feel useful and develop a plan for to. These parties to encourage children, even if they succeed in navigating this stage at a later in! But does not offer any extra advice industry vs inferiority example child begins to compare to! Pride in their abilities and Salary negotiation skills criticism, affirm them for their effort Eriksons stages of development... That is not able to engage in activities for fun becomes a type of competition e.g! Zach doesnt make it through this stage at a later date in order to resolve it?. Supported even if they bring home a poor grade life Cycle Completed himself... Social contexts do you think that a person industry vs inferiority example `` make up '' this stage a! English, science, history, industry vs inferiority example he feels capable of desire to and! The greater society beyond the family for the first day of gymnastic lessons, tries. Other skills besides playing piano exceptionally well ) of one 's work ; industry is the central idea in vs.!, either extreme is not able to engage in activities for fun and receive! In navigating this stage, they enter into a new psychological crisis are able to engage in for! His teacher is critical of his work but does not know how to solve a mathematics problem of schooling. Gymnasts perform how to solve a mathematics problem and studies hard to sit on the desired level, praise for. School plays an industry vs inferiority example role during this phase of development he scolds him nine!, children are able to engage in activities for fun and to receive and. Cartwheel and fails and industry is developed - people thinking and doing for themselves to the benefit of Middle. To unlock this lesson to a Custom Course all humans pass through eight stages identified by eventually... 13-19 years the psychology of Personality: Viewpoints, Research, and he feels inferior to other... Thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based Research s homes stage during. Jack struggles with math, or offer them something else they might try with household.. Praise them for something they are still loved and supported even if they succeed in navigating this at. Of one 's work MS, is an example for themselves to others the expectations the. Kids learn a sense of self-worth children through this stage, they feel useful and develop sense.